Fog forms when the difference between air temperature and
dew point is less than 2.5
°C(4.5
°F).
[5]
Fog begins to form when
water vapor condensesinto tiny liquid water droplets that are suspended in the air. Six examples of ways that water vapor is added to the air are by wind convergence into areas of upward motion;
[6] precipitation or
virga falling from above;
[7] daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans, water bodies, or wet land;
[8] transpiration from plants;
[9] cool or dry air moving over warmer water;
[10] and lifting air over mountains.
[11] Water vapor normally begins to condense on
condensation nuclei such as dust, ice, and salt in order to form clouds.
[12][13] Fog, like its elevated cousin
stratus, is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass.
[14]
Fog normally occurs at a
relative humidity near 100%.
[15] This occurs from either added moisture in the air, or falling ambient air temperature.
[15]However, fog can form at lower humidities, and can sometimes fail to form with relative humidity at 100%. At 100% relative humidity, the air cannot hold additional moisture, thus, the air will become
supersaturated if additional moisture is added.
Fog commonly produces
precipitation in the form of
drizzle or very light snow. Drizzle occurs when the humidity of fog attains 100% and the minute cloud droplets begin to coalesce into larger droplets.
[16]This can occur when the fog layer is lifted and cooled sufficiently, or when it is forcibly compressed from above by descending air. Drizzle becomes freezing drizzle when the temperature at the surface drops below the freezing point.
The thickness of a fog layer is largely determined by the altitude of the inversion boundary, which in coastal or oceanic locales is also the top of the
marine layer, above which the air mass is warmer and drier. The inversion boundary varies its altitude primarily in response to the weight of the air above it, which is measured in terms of atmospheric pressure. The marine layer, and any fogbank it may contain, will be "squashed" when the pressure is high, and conversely, may expand upwards when the pressure above it is lowering.